Congressional Research Service reports
The Congressional Research Service is the nonpartisan policy-research arm of Congress. CRS analysts write briefings (long-form Reports, short-form Insights, 2-page In Focus sheets) that members + staff use to understand the substance of every active issue. Until FY2019 NDAA §1141, these were not public; now the Library of Congress publishes them and we mirror via api.congress.gov.
93 reports in the mirror. Filtered to Infographics. Each report's bill-citation list (curated by CRS in relatedMaterials) projects into cited_in_report edges so every bill page surfaces the CRS briefs Congress had on the topic.
Reports (93)
Showing the 93 most recently published.
| Published | ID | Type | Title | Bills cited |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-05-07 | IG10097 | Infographics | The Decennial Census /
Information as of May 7, 2026. Prepared by Taylor R. Knoedl, Analyst in American National Government and Jamie Bush,
Visualization Information Specialist. For more information see CRS Report IF12909, The Decennial Census of Population and
Housing: An Overview.
The Decennial Cen… by Taylor R. Knoedl | |
| 2026-05-04 | IG10096 | Infographics | U.S. Service Academy Nominations: Timelines /
U.S. Service Academy Nominations and Appointments
General Timelines for Congress, Academies, and Applicants
Members of Congress are authorized by law to nominate candidates for appointment to four U.S. service academies: the U.S. Military Academy (USMA); U.S. Naval Academy… by R. Eric Petersen, Sarah J. Eckman | |
| 2026-04-30 | IG10095 | Infographics | Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals, 2026 /
Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals
Traditional Medicare pays most acute-care hospitals under the inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS). Some IPPS hospitals receive payment adjustments, which may help address the potential financial distress as… by Marco A. Villagrana | |
| 2026-04-28 | IG10094 | Infographics | Constitutional Equal Protection Analysis /
Constitutional Equal Protection Analysis
"No State shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." - U.S. CONST. amend. XIV S 1
OBLIGATION
Equal protection obligations apply to the federal government through the Fifth Amendment.
RESTRI… by April J. Anderson | |
| 2026-03-26 | IG10065 | Infographics | Bureau of Reclamation Central Valley Project: Infrastructure and Water Deliveries /
Bureau of Reclamation Central Valley Project: Infrastructure and Water Deliveries
Central Valley Project (CVP)
The CVP, owned and operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, covers approximately 20,000 square miles in California, from Redding in the north to Bakersfield in the … by Charles V. Stern | |
| 2026-03-12 | IG10093 | Infographics | Available Student Loan Repayment Plans Following the FY2025 Budget Reconciliation Law /
Available Student Loan Repayment Plans Following the FY2025 Budget Reconciliation Law
P.L. 119-21, the FY2025 budget reconciliation law, amends the Higher Education Act to change student loan repayment plan availability under the Direct Loan program. For borrowers of loans made… by Rita R. Zota | |
| 2026-03-04 | IG10076 | Infographics | U.S. Coal Production & Federal Lands /
U.S. Coal Production & Federal Lands
Almost half of coal production in the United States today occurs on federal lands. The Western coal region contains some of the top coal-producing states in the country. In 2024, coal generated$446.3 million in federal revenue, and oil and g… by Lexie Ryan | |
| 2026-03-03 | IG10046 | Infographics | Middle East Natural Gas /
Middle East Natural Gas
As natural gas becomes a more global commodity, transporting it by ship in liquefied form (LNG) is considered essential for its continued development as a global fuel. The Middle East is a pivotal gas supplier because of its location between the Europea… by Michael Ratner | |
| 2026-02-24 | IG10049 | Infographics | U.S. Shale Gas and Federal Lands /
U.S. Shale Gas and Onshore Federal Lands
The United States has been the largest producer of natural gas since the advent of shale gas development in the early 2000s. Shale gas production has mostly taken place on private lands, with the largest contribution coming from the Marc… by Michael Ratner, Lexie Ryan | |
| 2026-02-04 | IG10053 | Infographics | Seabed Mining in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone /
Seabed Mining in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone
Seabed deposits containing critical minerals occur across the global ocean, including in the international Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ). The International Seabed Authority (ISA) issues seabed mining contracts to parties to the U.N.… by Emma Kaboli, Corrie E. Clark, Caitlin Keating-Bitonti | |
| 2026-01-14 | IG10092 | Infographics | The Federal Sentencing Process /
The Federal Sentencing Process
In 1984, Congress standardized federal sentencing. That year, Congress established the U.S. Sentencing Commission (the Commission) and directed this new agency to promulgate the first-ever federal sentencing guidelines that would operate within an… by Dave S. Sidhu | |
| 2026-01-08 | IG10069 | Infographics | Servicemember to Veteran Transition /
Information as of December 20, 2024. Prepared by Kristy N. Kamarck, Specialist in Military Personnel; Sidath Viranga Panangala, Specialist
in Veterans Policy; and Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist. For more information, see CRS Report, R44757, Defense Primer: A Guide
fo… by Sidath Viranga Panangala, Kristy N. Kamarck | |
| 2025-12-16 | IG10091 | Infographics | Federal, State, and Local Roles in the Public Workforce System under Title I of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) /
The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA; P.L. 113-128) is the primary federal workforce development statute. Title I of WIOA authorizes three formula grants to states that support training and career services for youth, adults, and dislocated workers. State and loca… by Benjamin Collins | |
| 2025-12-11 | IG10090 | Infographics | Negotiation Process for Medicare Part D Drugs /
Negotiation Process for Medicare Part D Drugs
The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), also known as P.L. 1 17-169, established the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program.
The program authorizes the Secretary of Health and Human Services (Secretary) to negotiate prices for certa… by Laura A. Wreschnig | |
| 2025-12-01 | IG10089 | Infographics | The Declaration of Independence /
THE DECLARATION of INDEPENDENCE
250 YEARS LATER
Adopted July 4, 1776
Prepared by a Committee of Five—composed of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson (the primary drafter), Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman—appointed by the Second Continental Congress. The Decl… by Steve P. Mulligan | |
| 2025-09-25 | IG10088 | Infographics | The Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998 /
The Vacancies Act
The Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998
When a Senate-confirmed executive officer “dies, resigns, or is otherwise unable to perform the functions and duties of the office,” the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, also known as the Vacancies Act, authorizes … by Valerie C. Brannon | |
| 2025-09-17 | IG10087 | Infographics | FY2024 Sources of Federal Funding for Tribal Colleges and Universities /
Information as of September 17, 2025. Prepared by Cassandria Dortch, Specialist in Education Policy; Eleni G. Bickell, Analyst in
Agricultural Policy; Lisa Benson, Specialist in Agricultural Policy; and Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist. For more information,
see CRS Re… by Cassandria Dortch, Eleni G. Bickell, Lisa S. Benson | |
| 2025-09-09 | IG10044 | Infographics | Middle East Oil /
Middle East Oil
Oil production, trade, and refining in the Middle East are important for global oil markets. Three maritime transit points for crude oil and petroleum products are in or near the region. Conflicts within and among Middle East countries and regional militant grou… by Phillip Brown | |
| 2025-08-21 | IG10085 | Infographics | The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) /
The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
The ICJ is a permanent
international court created in
1945 by the United Nations
Charter as "the principal
judicial organ of the United
Nations."
The ICJ's functions are set out
in the Statute of the… by Karen Sokol | |
| 2025-07-30 | IG10084 | Infographics | Proceedings in Federal Criminal Cases: From Initiation to Indictment /
Information as of July 30, 2025. Prepared by Cassandra J. Barnum, Legislative Attorney and Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist.
1 See generally Federal Bureau of Investigation, A Brief Description of the Criminal Justice Process,
https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/vi… by Cassandra J. Barnum | |
| 2025-07-17 | IG10083 | Infographics | Public Health Prevention and the Determinants of Health /
Federal health policy often focuses on coverage of, and access to, health care services and the treatment of disease. However, numerous economic, social, and environmental policies within the purview of Congress—beyond those directly concerning health care services—influence in… by Alexa C. DeBoth, Alexandria K. Mickler, Kavya Sekar | |
| 2025-07-03 | IG10082 | Infographics | Gaming on Tribal Lands: The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act’s “Restored Lands” Exception /
Information as of July 3, 2025. Prepared by Mariel J. Murray, Specialist in Natural Resources Policy; Mainon A. Schwartz, Legislative
Attorney; and Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist.
1 P.L. 100-497.
2 25 U.S.C. § 2719, 25 C.F.R. Part 292.
3 25 C.F.R. § 83.2. See also CR… by Mariel J. Murray, Mainon A. Schwartz | |
| 2025-06-24 | IG10081 | Infographics | Major FY2024 Federal Funding for the Bureau of Indian Education School System /
Information as of June 24, 2025. Prepared by Cassandria Dortch, Specialist in Education Policy, and Jamie Bush, Visual Information
Specialist. For more information on the programs, see CRS Report RL34205, Indian Elementary-Secondary Education: Programs,
Background, and Issues.
… by Cassandria Dortch | |
| 2025-06-18 | IG10074 | Infographics | Sentencing Classification and Default Federal Criminal Fines by Authorized Prison Term /
Information as of June 18, 2025. Prepared by Peter G. Berris, Legislative Attorney; Cassandra J. Barnum, Legislative Attorney; and
Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist. Additional information about default nes, sentencing classifications, and punishment
may be found in CRS… by Peter G. Berris, Cassandra J. Barnum | |
| 2025-06-11 | IG10080 | Infographics | The Rulemaking Process for the Higher Education Act’s Title IV Regulations / The Rulemaking Process
for the Higher Education Act's Title IV Regulations
Title IV of the Higher Education Act (HEA) authorizes an array of programs and provisions to assist students and their
families in accessing and financing a postsecondary education. These include t… by Alexandra Hegji, Maeve P. Carey | |
| 2025-05-29 | IG10024 | Infographics | How FEMA Individual Assistance Works /
How FEMA Individual Assistance Works
FEMA's Individual Assistance (IA) program provides financial and direct assistance and services o disaster
survivors when the President authorizes such assistance pursuant to a declaration of emergency or major disaster
under the Robe… by Elizabeth M. Webster | |
| 2025-05-14 | IG10079 | Infographics | The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program /
The Edward Byrne Memorial
Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program
The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) program is a Department of Justice (DOJ) formula grant
program. The JAG program allocates funds to the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territo… by Nathan James | |
| 2025-05-02 | IG10022 | Infographics | Immigration Court Proceedings: Process and Data /
Immigration Court Proceedings: Process and Data
Non-U.S. nationals (“aliens” under law) may be removed from the United States for immigration violations. While an expedited removal process is often applied to aliens encountered at the border, those apprehended in the interior a… by Hillel R. Smith, Holly Straut-Eppsteiner | |
| 2025-04-28 | IG10078 | Infographics | Amending the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines /
Amending the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
In 1984, Congress enacted the Sentencing Reform Act (SRA), P.L. 98-473. The SRA established the U.S. Sentencing Commission and directed this new agency to promulgate the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. These guidelines serve as the starting p… by Dave S. Sidhu | |
| 2025-04-25 | IG10077 | Infographics | Artificial Intelligence (AI) Taxonomy /
Information as of April 25, 2025. Prepared by Laurie Harris, Analyst in Science and Technology Policy; Nora Wells, Analyst in Health Policy; and Juan Pablo Madrid, Visual Information Specialist.
Experts generally describe AI as the broad concept of machine-based systems that c… by Laurie Harris, Nora Wells | |
| 2025-04-16 | IG10045 | Infographics | Economic Development Administration (EDA) Disaster Recovery Funding /
Economic Development Administration (EDA) Disaster Recovery Funding
In response to certain major disasters and emergencies, Congress occasionally provides disaster-specific supplemental funding for long-term economic recovery under the EDA’s Economic Adjustment Assistance (EA… by Julie M. Lawhorn | |
| 2025-04-08 | IG10075 | Infographics | How Federal Grant Funds Flow /
How Federal Grant Funds Flow
There are three phases in the life cycle of a federal grant: Pre-Award Phase,Award Phase, and Project Administration/Post-Award Phase.
For additional information on grant terminology, see https://grants.gov/learn-grants/grant-terminology.
Informat… by Adam G. Levin | |
| 2025-04-03 | IG10012 | Infographics | The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and the National Emergencies Act: Key Facts /
IEEPA
The International Emergency Economic Powers Act and the National Emergencies Act: Key Facts
Abbreviations: EAA = Expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1979; WMD = Proliferating Weapons of Mass Destruction; Terrorism = Committing or Supporting Terrorism
Informati… by Christopher A. Casey | |
| 2025-03-11 | IG10073 | Infographics | Taiwan’s Role in Global Semiconductor Supply Chains /
Information as of March 11, 2025. Prepared by Karen Sutter, Specialist in Asian Trade and Finance; Cassandra Higgins, Geospatial Information Systems Analyst; and Juan Pablo Madrid, Visual Information Specialist.
Semiconductors are a uniquely important strategic technology that… by Karen M. Sutter | |
| 2025-02-21 | IG10072 | Infographics | Class Action Certification Requirements /
Class Action Certification Requirements
Class action lawsuits aggregate the claims of numerous individuals or entities into a single proceeding in which named class representatives litigate on behalf of absent class members. Under Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure… by Bryan L. Adkins | |
| 2025-02-11 | IG10016 | Infographics | Kinship Care /
2.8 Million Children in theUnited States Live in Kinship Care
What is kinship care?
Children who do not live with their parents but whose grandparents, other relatives, or close family friends provide them with a home are said to be in “kinship care.”How do children enter kins… by Emilie Stoltzfus, Joe Angert | |
| 2025-01-23 | IG10062 | Infographics | Fishery Resource Disaster Determination Timeframes /
Fishery Resource Disaster Determination Timeframes
In the Fishery Resource Disasters Improvement Act (P.L. 117-328, Division S, Title II), enacted in December 2022, Congress amended or repealed several fishery disaster authorities administered by the Secretary of Commerce. The … by Anthony R. Marshak | |
| 2025-01-23 | IG10071 | Infographics | International Tourist Arrivals to the United States /
International Tourist
Arrivals to the United States
Sources: CRS analysis of International Trade Administration (ITA), ADIS/I-94 Visitor Arrivals Program,
https://www.trade.gov/i-94-arrivals-program and ITA, Most Popular U.S. States and Cities Among International Tourists,
http… by Adam G. Levin | |
| 2025-01-14 | IG10070 | Infographics | Direct Loan Program Student Loan Terms and Conditions: By the Numbers /
Direct Loan Program Student Loan Terms and Conditions:
The William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) program is the single largest source of federal financial assistance to support students’ postsecondary educational pursuits. As of September 30, 2024, $1.7 trillion owe… by Alexandra Hegji | |
| 2024-11-20 | IG10019 | Infographics | The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) /
THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT FOIA
FOIA, 5 U.S.C. § 552, provides the public with a right to access federal agency information,
subject to enumerated exemptions and exclusions.
ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT INFORMATION UNDER FOIA
EXEMPTIONS
KEY TERMS
EXCLUSIONS JUDICIAL REVIEW
Informat… by Benjamin M. Barczewski | |
| 2024-11-18 | IG10068 | Infographics | The HIPAA Privacy Rule /
The HIPAA Privacy Rule
The HIPAA Privacy Rule (45 C.F.R. Part 164, Subparts A, E) established, for the first time, a set
of federal standards for the protection of personal health information. Although the Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1 996 (HIPAA, … by Amanda K. Sarata | |
| 2024-10-28 | IG10067 | Infographics | Federal Civilian Workforce Characteristics /
Federal Civilian Workforce Characteristics
The federal civilian workforce refers to the non-elected and non-military employees of the government. The President executes and enforces the laws passed by Congress, and the federal civilian workforce assists the President in impleme… by Barbara L. Schwemle, Carol Wilson | |
| 2024-10-18 | IG10066 | Infographics | Tax Statutes of Limitations /
Information as of October 18, 2024, prepared by Justin C. Chung, Legislative Attorney and Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist.
1 All citations in this infographic are to the IRC unless otherwise indicated.
2 For more information about IRS’s seizure authority, see CRS Info… by Justin C. Chung | |
| 2024-09-18 | IG10064 | Infographics | Agency Budgetary Discretion: Transfers and Reprogramming /
Agency Budgetary Discretion Transfers and Reprogramming
Congress typically appropriates funds to federal agencies in the form of separate accounts, each of which may include one or more related programs, projects, or activities (PPAs). Congress has permitted agencies some flex… by Taylor N. Riccard, Dominick A. Fiorentino | |
| 2024-09-12 | IG10063 | Infographics | Analyzing Constitutionality Under the First Amendment's Free Speech Clause /
Information as of September 12, 2024. Prepared by Victoria L. Killion, Legislative Attorney, and Jamie L. Bush, Visual Information
Specialist. For more information, see CRS Report R47986, Freedom of Speech: An Overview (2024).
Analyzing Constitutionality Under the
First Amendme… by Victoria L. Killion | |
| 2024-08-21 | IG10061 | Infographics | Emergency Management in the U.S.: Sharing the Costs /
After a hazard strikes, the President may authorize different forms of assistance by issuing a declaration of emergency or major disaster under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act; P.L. 93-288, as amended). The Stafford Act also aut… by Erica A. Lee | |
| 2024-07-30 | IG10060 | Infographics | The Creation of Presidential Records /
The Creation of
Presidential Records
Information as of July 30, 2024. Prepared by Meghan M. Stuessy, Analyst in Government Organization and Management, and
Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist.
Volume of Presidential Records
For more information about the Presidential Reco… by Meghan M. Stuessy | |
| 2024-07-15 | IG10059 | Infographics | The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) /
The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC)
The ICC’s Subject-Matter Jurisdiction. The ICC is authorized to prosecute and try individuals for 4 crimes deemed to be the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole.
Genocide
Th… by Karen Sokol | |
| 2024-07-12 | IG10058 | Infographics | Northeast Asia: Key to Liquefied Natural Gas Markets /
Northeast Asia—including China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan—is the largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) importing region in the world. In 2023, it accounted for approximately 50% of global LNG trade, approximately 549 billion cubic meters (BCM), and is an important factor to … by Michael Ratner | |
| 2024-07-11 | IG10005 | Infographics | From Bill to Law: Stages of the Legislative Process /
Prepared by Valerie Heitshusen (Information as of July 11, 2024. Prepared by Valerie Heitshusen, Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process, Jennifer E. Manning,
Senior Research Librarian, and Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist.
For more information, see CRS Repo… by Valerie Heitshusen, Jennifer E. Manning | |
| 2024-07-01 | IG10057 | Infographics | Tribal Self-Determination Authorities /
1 DOI, "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible to Receive Services from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs," 89 Federal
Register 944, January 8, 2024; 2 P.L. 93-638, §3; 3 P.L. 103-413, 4 Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of
1996 (P.L. 10… by Mariel J. Murray | |
| 2024-06-12 | IG10056 | Infographics | Understanding the Content of an Appropriations Bill /
Understanding the Content of an Appropriations Bill
This infographic provides information on the legislative components commonly included in annual appropriations acts. For further information on appropriations and the appropriations process, see the CRS Appropriations Issue A… by Megan S. Lynch | |
| 2024-06-11 | IG10055 | Infographics | Timing of the President’s Budget Submission to Congress: FY2010-FY2025 /
Timing of the President’s Budget Submission to Congress: FY2010-FY2025
The President's budget is a statement of the President's policy priorities and a unified plan for the allocation of federal budgetary resources. Under Title 31, Section 1105, of the U.S. Code, the President… by Taylor N. Riccard | |
| 2024-05-31 | IG10054 | Infographics | Campaign Finance Law and the U.S. Supreme Court /
For more information, see CRS Report R45320, Campaign Finance Law:
An Analysis of Key Issues, Recent Developments, and Constitutional
Considerations for Legislation, by L. Paige Whitaker (2023).
Information as of May 31, 2024. Prepared by L. Paige Whitaker, Legislative Attorney… by L. Paige Whitaker | |
| 2024-05-10 | IG10052 | Infographics | Meeting Europe’s Natural Gas Demand /
Meeting Europe’s Natural Gas Demand
With Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and subsequent halting of most pipeline natural gas deliveries to European countries, Europe’s vulnerability to supply disruption has posed major security and economic concerns for many European gove… by Michael Ratner, Sarah E. Garding | |
| 2024-04-24 | IG10051 | Infographics | United States Oil /
United States Oil
The United States is currently the largest crude oil producer, petroleum products consumer, and the country with the largest amount of crude oil refining capacity. Integrated with global markets through international trade, regional U.S. oil supplies and price… by Phillip Brown | |
| 2024-04-04 | IG10050 | Infographics | Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals, 2024 /
Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals
Medicare pays most acute-care hospitals under the inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS). Some IPPS hospitals receive payment adjustments, which may help address the potential financial distress associated wit… by Marco A. Villagrana | |
| 2024-03-13 | IG10047 | Infographics | Federal Business Disaster Assistance /
Federal
Business Disaster Assistance
Following natural disasters and other emergencies, businesses often face damage to property, inventory, and other assets. A wide-range of federal programs help businesses recover from challenges related to infrastructure damage, disruption … by Megan Stubbs, Bruce R. Lindsay, Julie M. Lawhorn | |
| 2023-12-20 | IG10043 | Infographics | U.S. Gulf Oil & Natural Gas Assets and Infrastructure /
Information as of December 19, 2023, prepared by Michael Ratner, Specialist in Energy Policy; Mari Lee, Visual Information Specialist; Cassandra Higgins,
Geospatial Information Systems Analyst; Eva Lipiec, Analyst in Natural Resources Policy; and Keigh Hammond, Senior Research … by Michael Ratner, Eva Lipiec, Keigh E. Hammond | |
| 2023-12-05 | IG10042 | Infographics | Federal Tax Lien Enforcement /
Information prepared by Justin C. Chung, Legislative Attorney and Jamie L. Hutchinson, Visual Information Specialist.
Federal Tax Lien
ENFORCEMENT
A federal tax lien gives the government rights to a taxpayer’s property when the taxpayer fails to pay a tax
debt. The government c… by Justin C. Chung | |
| 2023-08-28 | IG10041 | Infographics | Removal Proceedings and the Immigration Court Backlog Removal Proceedings and the Immigration Court Backlog
Immigration court cases are adjudicated by the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), an agency within the U.S. Department of Justice, under authority delegated by the Attorney General. The most common proceedings ar… by Holly Straut-Eppsteiner | |
| 2023-08-18 | IG10040 | Infographics | The Individual Income Tax, 2023 /
The Individual Income Tax, 2023
How Income Tax Liability Is Calculated for Individuals, Families,
and Passthrough Businesses
taxable
income
+ positive
income tax
liability
investment income
long-term capital gains & qualified dividends
- negative
income tax
liability
investment… by Margot L. Crandall-Hollick | |
| 2023-08-17 | IG10039 | Infographics | Foreign Students: Screening and Monitoring /
Foreign Students: Screening and Monitoring
There were about 1.3 million foreign post-secondary students and scholars in the United States in 2022, and about 7,500 post-secondary U.S. schools were approved to host them. Foreign students and scholars enter the country on nonimmig… by Jill H. Wilson | |
| 2023-04-28 | IG10038 | Infographics | Federal Recognition of Indian Tribes: The Administrative Process /
Federal Recognition of Indian Tribes: The Administrative Process
Federal recognition (sometimes called federal acknowledgment) is a term of art formalizing a relationship between the United States and a recognized Indian Tribe, through which the Tribe becomes “eligible for the… by Mainon A. Schwartz | |
| 2023-02-28 | IG10037 | Infographics | FCC Regulation of Broadband Service and Action on Net Neutrality /
FCC Regulation of Broadband Service and Action on Net Neutrality
This infographic shows how the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has developed its net neutrality policy over the years, often in response to court decisions, and how that policy has interacted with the FCC’… by Chris D. Linebaugh | |
| 2023-02-22 | IG10036 | Infographics | The Small Business Administration's COVID-19 Relief Programs /
The Small Business Administration’s COVID-19 Relief Programs
To help small businesses respond to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Congress authorized several new relief programs to be managed by the Small Business Administration (SBA). Congress’s efforts to add… by Adam G. Levin | |
| 2022-12-08 | IG10035 | Infographics | Expedited Naturalization through Military Service /
Expedited Naturalization through Military Service
Naturalization is the process of becoming a U.S. citizen. Typically, under immigration law, an individual may apply to naturalize after five years in lawful permanent resident (LPR) status, or after three years if married to a … by Holly Straut-Eppsteiner | |
| 2022-08-09 | IG10034 | Infographics | Federal Payroll Tax Administration /
Federal Payroll Tax Administration
Payroll taxes are levied on the wages or earnings of workers. Payroll taxes are the federal government’s
second-largest revenue source (after individual income taxes), raising $1.3 trillion (32% of federal revenue)
in FY2021. Payroll taxes fun… by Anthony A. Cilluffo | |
| 2022-07-28 | IG10033 | Infographics | Intellectual Property: Forms of Federal IP Protection /
Intellectual Property
Forms of Federal IP Protection
Intellectual property (IP) law comprises a set of rights to exclude others from making, copying, or using certain intangible creations of the human mind. At the U.S. federal level, IP includes four main forms of legal protect… by Kevin J. Hickey | |
| 2022-05-20 | IG10031 | Infographics | U.S. Border Patrol Encounters at the Southwest Border: Titles 8 & 42 /
U.S. Border Patrol Encounters at the Southwest Border: Titles 8 & 42
The U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) is part of the
Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS’s) Customs and Border Protection (CBP). When USBP encounters a migrant entering the United States illegally between ports o… by Audrey Singer | |
| 2022-04-19 | IG10032 | Infographics | The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2022 /
Tax Liability
After Credits
12.
11.
The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2022
Income Tax Base
Includes wages; interest; dividends; capital gain (or
loss); business income (or loss); IRA distributions
and pensions; social security income; rents;
royalties; unemployment compens… by Molly F. Sherlock | |
| 2022-03-25 | IG10023 | Infographics | Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals, 2021 /
Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals
Medicare pays most acute-care hospitals under the inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS). Some IPPS hospitals receive payment adjustments, which may help address the potential financial distress associated wit… by Marco A. Villagrana | |
| 2022-03-23 | IG10030 | Infographics | Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals, 2022 /
Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals
Medicare pays most acute-care hospitals under the inpatient prospective payment system (IPPS). Some IPPS hospitals receive payment adjustments, which may help address the potential financial distress associated wit… by Marco A. Villagrana | |
| 2021-12-13 | IG10001 | Infographics | Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) and U.S. Trade Agreements Timeline TRADE PROMOTION AUTHORITY TPA AND U.S. TRADE AGREEMENTS
OMNIBUS TRADE & COMPETITIVENESS ACT OF 1988
TRADE ACT OF 1974
TRADE PRIORITIES & ACCOUNTABILITY ACT OF 2015
TRADE ACT OF 1979
TRADE ACT OF 2002
(GATT) Tokyo Round
U.S.-Israel FTA
U.S.-Canada FTA
North American Free Trade Ag… by Christopher A. Casey, Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs | |
| 2021-11-23 | IG10029 | Infographics | Federal Emergency Declarations /
FEDERAL EMERGENCY DECLARATIONS
A COMPARISON
An emergency3 is “any occasion or instance for
which, in the determination of the President,
Federal assistance is needed to supplement
State and local e_orts and capabilities to save
lives and to protect property and public
health an… by Erica A. Lee, Hassan Z. Sheikh | |
| 2021-08-17 | IG10028 | Infographics | Naturalization: The Process of Becoming a U.S. Citizen /
Naturalization The Process of Becoming a U.S. Citizen
Naturalization is the process that grants U.S. citizenship to lawful permanent residents (LPRs) who fulfill requirements established by Congress in the Immigration and Nationality Act. LPRs, or “green card” holders, are non… by Holly Straut-Eppsteiner | |
| 2021-07-02 | IG10027 | Infographics | Strengthening National Preparedness /
Strengthening National Preparedness
In the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act (PKEMRA, P.L. 109–295), Congress required the President to develop a national preparedness system – that includes planning and implementation guidance and processes – with a national prepare… by Lauren R. Stienstra | |
| 2020-12-08 | IG10021 | Infographics | How FEMA Public Assistance Works /
How FEMA Public Assistance Works
FEMA’s Public Assistance (PA) reimburses eligible public and nonprofit entities for at least 75% of eligible response and recovery costs when authorized in a presidential emergency or major disaster declaration under the Robert T. Stafford Disas… by Erica A. Lee | |
| 2020-10-14 | IG10020 | Infographics | The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2020 /
Tax Liability
After Credits
The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2020
Income Tax Base
Includes wages; interest; dividends; capital gain
(or loss); business income (or loss); IRA
distributions and pensions; social security income;
rents; royalties; unemployment compensation
Ex… by Molly F. Sherlock | |
| 2020-04-03 | IG10018 | Infographics | Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): 2019 Overview /
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
What GSP Is
GSP is the United States' largest and oldest trade preference program. It provides duty-free treatment to U.S. imports from 119 beneficiary developing countries (BDCs). Forty-four of these countries are designated as least-… by Liana Wong | |
| 2020-01-14 | IG10017 | Infographics | Processing of Adults and Family Units Arriving at the Southern Border Without Valid Documents /
Processing of Adults and Family Units Arriving at the Southern Border Without Valid Documents The Trump Administration has implemented a series of policies that change the processing of non-U.S. nationals (aliens) who arrive at the southern border without valid entry documents… by Hillel R. Smith | |
| 2019-10-31 | IG10015 | Infographics | Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) /
Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs)
Throughout the U.S., there are geographic areas, populations, and facilities with too few primary care, dental, and mental health providers. As part of efforts to alleviate these shortages, the federal government designates health prof… by Elayne J. Heisler | |
| 2019-05-29 | IG10013 | Infographics | The Pharmaceutical Drug Development Process /
THE PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
The pharmaceutical drug development process includes three stages: research and development (R&D), approval, and postmarketing. On average, drugs take 10-15 years from
discovery to approval. Before a drug can be marketed in the United… by Kavya Sekar | |
| 2019-05-29 | IG10014 | Infographics | The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2019 /
Tax Liability
After Credits
12.
11.
The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2019
Income Tax Base
Includes wages; interest; dividends; capital gain
(or loss); business income (or loss); IRA
distributions and pensions; social security income;
rents; royalties; unemployment compens… by Molly F. Sherlock | |
| 2018-03-06 | IG10011 | Infographics | The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2018 /
Tax Liability
After Credits
The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2018
Income Tax Base
Includes wages; interest; dividends; capital gain
(or loss); business income (or loss); IRA
distributions and pensions; social security income;
rents; royalties; unemployment compensation
E… by Molly F. Sherlock | |
| 2017-11-20 | IG10010 | Infographics | The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2017 /
Tax Liability
After Credits
12.
Personal Exemptions
Exemption for Taxpayer,
Spouse, and Dependent(s)
11.
The U.S. Individual Income Tax System, 2017
Income Tax Base
Includes wages; interest; dividends; alimony;
capital gain (or loss); business income (or loss) ;
IRA distributi… by Molly F. Sherlock | |
| 2017-07-05 | IG10008 | Infographics | How People Talk About the President’s FY2018 Defense Budget Request /
“Trump’s plan calls for $574 billion for the
Pentagon’s base budget and $65 billion for a
separate account to fund U.S. war operations for
a total of $639 billion next year.”
Connor O’Brien and Gregory Hellman.
“Trump’s defense budget boost falls short of
buildup plans.” Politi… by Pat Towell | |
| 2017-06-28 | IG10009 | Infographics | The Road to Veterans Benefits /
THE ROAD TO VETERANS BENEFITS
Those who serve on active duty in the armed forces of the United States experience different career pathways. From the point of commissioning
or enlistment, generally between the ages of 18 and 26, the service member becomes eligible for certain b… by Kristy N. Kamarck, Sidath Viranga Panangala | |
| 2017-03-01 | IG10007 | Infographics | Presentation of Legislation and the Veto Process /
Presentation of Legislation and
The Veto Process
Presentation to the President
Bills (H.R. or S.) or joint resolutions (H.J.Res. or S.J.Res.) that have passed both the House and Senate in identical form
The President solicits the opinions of executive agencies on legislation th… by Meghan M. Stuessy | |
| 2015-12-21 | IG10002 | Infographics | Executive Agreements Secretary of
State authorizes
negotiation
State Department
periodically notifies S.
Foreign Relations and
H. Foreign Affairs
Committees of
significant agreements
for negotiation.
Congress may be
consulted on form and
content of potential
agreement
U.S. negotiates
with foreign
ent… by Michael John Garcia | |
| 2015-12-21 | IG10003 | Infographics | Economic Effects of the FY2014 Shutdown Prepared by Marc Labonte and Bisola Momoh
For more information, see CRS Report R43292, The FY2014 Government Shutdown: Economic Effects, by Marc Labonte.
Sources:
Federal Employees out of work in October 2013 - Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www.bls.gov/bls/shutdown_2013_emps… by Marc Labonte | |
| 2015-12-21 | IG10004 | Infographics | Community Banks Prepared by Sean M. Hoskins and Jamie Hutchinson
For more information, see CRS report to R43999, An Analysis of the Regulatory Burden on Small Banks.
Sean M. Hoskins, Analyst in Financial Economics, shoskins@crs.loc.gov, 7-8958
COMMUNITY BANKS
Less than $1B More than $100B
Small … by Sean M. Hoskins | |
| 2015-12-15 | IG10000 | Infographics | U.S. Military Casualty Statistics U.S. MILITARY CASUALTY STATISTICS:
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Traumatic Brain Injuries, Amputations and Other Casualties
Mild TBI Moderate TBI Not Classifiable Severe or Penetrating TBI
TBIs 2000-2015 by Classification and Year
Major Limb Amputations Due to Battle Injuries
… by Hannah Fischer |